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ANTI  -  SOCIALISM 


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A  Plea  To 
PATRIOTISM 


price:  5  CENTS 


THE   FEDERAL  | 

CONSTITUTION 


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Anti-Socialist  Press,  Publishers 

117  West  I32d  Street,  New  York  City 


ANTI  ■  SOCIALISM 


A  PLEA  TO 
PATRIOTISM 


THE    FEDERAL 
CONSTITUTION 


BY 

JOHN  W.  BATDORF 

Author  of 

'The  Geometric  Tax" 

'The  End  of  Strife" 

'THE  GEOMETRIC  TAX  SERIES" 

Anti-Socialist  Press,  Publishers 

117  West  I32d  Street,  New  York  City 


Young  Men's  Anti-Socialist  League  meets  every 
Friday  evening  at  8  P.M.,  in  the  rooms  of  the  League, 
No.  312  West  Sixteenth  Street,  New  York  City.  An 
invitation  is  extended  to  men  w^ho  desire  to  join  a 
movement  to  oppose  Socialism. 


^3 


Copyright,  1915, 

by 

JOHN  W.  BATDORF 


o 


DECLARATION    OF   PRINCIPLES    OF    THE 

YOUNG  MEN'S  ANTI-SOCIALIST 

LEAGUE 

Preamble :  Imbued  with  Patriotism  toward  our  be- 
lief in  Religious  principles;  the  Moral  Code  founded 
upon  it ;  the  ideal  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence ; 
the  force  and  power  of  the  Federal  Constitution  to 
govern  and  give  to  the  people  the  use  of  the  "obliga- 
tion of  contracts" — the  Profit  System  to  live ;  the  priv- 
ilege to  secure  to  "persons"  the  right  of  private  owner- 
ship of  property;  we  hereby,  as  patriots,  make  our 
declaration  that,  as  Socialism  has  determined,  by  the 
aid  of  political  and  sabotage  action,  to  destroy  the 
Profiit  System  and  the  right  of  a  "person"  to  own 
property  privately  when  publicly  used,  to  be  agnostic 
toward  Religious  principles  and  destructive  to  the 
Moral  Code  of  the  Federal  Constitution,  we  hereon 
band  ourselves  by  organization  into  and  to  be  known 
as  the  Young  Men's  Anti-Socialist  League,  so  that  we 
may  determinedly  oppose  Socialism  with  all  its  vag- 
aires  and  for  the  purpose  of  extending  an  invitation  to 
all  American  patriots  to  join  our  cause  and  help  bear 
the  burden  which  our  forebears  have  placed  upon  this 
generation  to  care  for  and  continue,  uncontaminated 
with  false  doctrines,  an  American  democracy  along 
the  lines  as  laid  down  by  Thomas  Jefferson,  Abraham 
Lincoln  and  the  eminent  clergy  of  Religion  who  have 
lived  and  taught  the  Moral  Code  in  all  the  decades  of 
the  past. 

364912 


First — A  belief  in  Religious  principles  founded  on 
the  Ten  Commandments  and  the  teachings  of  Religious 
Thought  and  Practice. 

Second — A  Moral  Code,  founded  upon  the  belief  in 
Religious  principles,  the  ideal  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence  and  the  force  and  power  of  the  Federal 
Constitution  to  govern  one  hundred  millions  of  people. 

Third — An  economic  declaration  founded  upon  the 
thought  and  mind  of  the  Rev.  John  Augustine  Ryan  in 
the  following  words:* 

"The  solution,  I  confidently  believe,  will  be  found 
along  the  following  lines:  Subnormal  conditions  of 
life  and  labor  must  be  abolished;  excessive  gains  to 
privileged  capital  must  be  made  impossible,  and  ways 
must  be  found  through  which  the  majority  of  the 
workers  will  gradually  become  owners,  at  least  in  part, 
of  the  instruments  of  production." 

Fourth — A  Program  of  Social  Reform  by  Legisla- 
tion as  follows: 

We  hereby  pledge  ourselves  to  the  following  reform 
measures  by  legislation  as  a  part  of  our  object  to  help 
and  improve  social  and  industrial  conditions: 

(1)  A  minimum  wage  for  men  and  women. 

(2)  Restriction  of  women  and  child  labor. 

(3)  An  eight-hour  day  law. 

.  (4)  A  belief  that  labor  has  a  right  to  organize, 
and  that  the  pure  and  legitimate  labor- 
union  movement  should  be  encouraged. 

(5)  State  relief  for  the  unemployed. 

(6)  State  housing  of  the  working  people. 

(7)  Pensions  for  accidents,  illness  and  old  age. 

(8)  Income  and  inheritance  taxes. 

(9)  Taxation    of    the  future    incomes    in  land 

values. 

*  From  Everybody's  Mayadnc  for  April,  1914,  p.  536. 


(10)  Federal  and  State  regulation  of  monopolies. 

(11)  Prohibition    of    speculation    within  the    ex- 

changes. 

(12)  The  establishment   of  boards  of  arbitration 

for  industrial  disputes. 

(13)  A   widowed   mother's   pension   law   for  be- 

reaved women. 
Fifth — To  provide  a  base  upon  which  a  true  reason- 
ing may  be  found  to  support  the  harmonious  and  hon- 
est equities  naturally  belonging  to  both  capital  and 
labor,  and  to  give  power  to  legislation  and  to  business 
propositions  to  carry  out  our  Programme  of  Social  and 
Industrial  Reform,  we  present  to  the  American  people 
the  ''Geometric  Tax"  amendments  for  adoption  to  the 
Federal  Constitution,  the  text  as  follows : 


ARTICLE*** 

Section   I. 

1.  It  shall  be  unlawful  after  *  *  *  for  any  corporation 
to  buy  or  to  sell  any  commodity,  or  operate  a  utility,  or  to  trans- 
act any  business  within  or  between  the  States,  without  previ- 
ously having  secured  a  certificate  of  actual  inventoried  efficient 
capital  from  the  Inter-State  Commerce  Commission  Court  at 
Washington. 

2.  No  such  certificate  shall  be  issued  to  any  corporation,  ex- 
cept after  the  court's  acceptance  of  the  applicant's  inventory  of 
free  capital  at  cash  value,  judged  solely  by  the  cost  of  replacing 
of  the  same. 

3.  Upon  this  accepted  certificate  of  capital  value,  the  applying 
corporation  shall  be  given  the  right  to  operate  its  business  with- 
in or  between  the  States,  and  to  maintain  a  price  upon  its  pro- 
ductions which  will  give  to  its  treasury  a  ten  per  cent,  annual 
dividend  upon  its  accepted  inventoried  capital. 

4.  All  excess  corporate  income  above  the  ten  per  cent,  per  an- 
num distribution  shall  be  wholly  expended  in  maintenance  of  the 
corporation's  property  for  the  public  benefit,  or  in  higher  wages 


ture's  God  entitle  them,  a  decent  respect  to  the  opinions 
of  mankind  requires  that  they  should  declare  the 
causes  which  impel  them  to  the  separation." 

**We  hold  these  truths  to  be  self-evident,  that  all 
men  are  created  equal,  that  they  are  endowed,  by  their 
Creator,  with  certain  unalienable  rights,  that  among 
these  are  life,  liberty,  and  the  pursuit  of  happiness. 
That  to  secure  these  rights,  governments  are  instituted 
among  men,  deriving  their  just  powers  from  the  con- 
sent of  the  governed,  that  whenever  any  form  of  gov- 
ernment becomes  destructive  of  these  ends  it  is  the 
right  of  the  people  to  alter  or  abolish  it,  and  institute 
new  government,  laying  its  foundation  on  such  princi- 
ples, and  organizing  its  powers  in  such  form  as  to 
them  shall  seem  most  likely  to  efifect  their  safety  and 
happiness.  Prudence,  indeed,  will  dictate,  that  govern- 
ments long  established  should  not  be  changed  for  light 
and  transient  causes;  and,  accordingly,  all  experience 
hath  shown  that  mankind  are  more  disposed  to  suffer, 
while  evils  are  sufferable,  than  to  right  themselves  by 
abolishing  the  forms  to  which  they  are  accustomed. 
But  when  a  long  train  of  abuses  and  usurpations,  pur- 
suing invariably  the  same  object,  evinces  a  design  to 
reduce  them  under  absolute  despotism,  it  is  their  right, 
it  is  their  duty,  to  throw  off  such  government  and  to 
provide  new  guards  for  their  future  security." 

"We,  therefore,  .  .  .  appealing  to  the  Supreme 
Judge  of  the  world  for  the  rectitude  of  our  intentions, 
do  in  the  name,  and  by  authority  of  the  good  people  of 
these  Colonies,  solenmly  publish  and  declare  .  .  . 
that  as  free  and  independent  States  they  have  full 
power  to  levy  war,  conclude  peace,  contract  alliances, 
establish  commerce,  and  to  do  all  other  acts  and  things 


which  independent  States  may  of  right  do.  And  for 
the  support  of  this  declaration,  with  a  firm  reliance  on 
the  protection  of  Divine  Providence,  we  mutually 
pledge  to  each  other  our  lives,  our  fortunes,  and  our 
sacred  honour." 

To  emphasize  the  force  and  power  which  governs 
the  American  people,  under  the  autocracy  of  the  Fed- 
eral Constitution,  we  need  only  to  quote  the  words  of 
Article  VI,  as  follows : 

''This  Constitution  and  the  laws  of  the  United 
States,  which  shall  be  made  in  Pursuance  thereof, 
.  .  .  shall  be  the  supreme  Law  of  the  land ;  and  the 
Judges  in  every  State  shall  be  bound  thereby,  any 
Thing  in  the  Constitution  or  Laws  of  any  State  to  the 
Contrary  notwithstanding." 

To  give  the  American  people  freedom  and  liberty 
in  personal  activities,  no  restriction  was  laid  upon  them 
except  in  the  following  words  written  in  Article  I,  sec- 
tion X,  as  follows.  "No  State  shall  pass  any  law  im- 
pairing the  obligation  of  contracts."  These  provisional 
words,  as  a  part  of  the  Constitution,  compel  everybody 
to  recognize  the  "people's  rule"  whenever  anyone  buys 
or  sells  food  to  live,  clothing  and  shelter  for  protection, 
and  luxury  for  comfort.  The  force  of  this  law  is  im- 
mutable, and  should  be  so,  as  it  is  intended  that  all 
Americans  must  be  madeto  respect  the  rights  of  others 
where  contracts  are  entered  into  among  and  between 
themselves. 

The  protection  to  "persons"  to  own  property  priv- 
ately is  lodged  in  Amendment  Articles  V  and  XIV, 
which  says :  "Nor  shall  any  person  be  deprived  of 
life,  liberty  or  property,  without  due  process  of  law ; 
nor  shall  private  property  be  taken  for  public  use,  with- 


out  just  compensation."  And,  "No  State  shall  make  or 
enforce  any  law  which  shall  abridge  the  privileges  or 
immunities  of  citizens  of  the  United  States;  nor  shall 
any  State  deprive  any  person  of  life,  liberty  or  prop- 
erty, without  due  process  of  law;  nor  to  deny  to  any 
person  within  its  jurisdiction  the  equal  protection  of 
the  laws."  The  Constitution,  therefore,  enthrones  the 
"Profit  System,"  so  that  American  citizens  may  en- 
gage in  trade  with  each  other  and  with  the  people  of 
the  world,  vC^hereby  they  may  have  a  means  to  make 
profit  and  live ;  and,  from  the  savings  of  earning  power, 
they  may  accumulate  capital  (property)  and  enjoy  a 
fundamental  agency  to  conserve  and  preserve  it. 


WHY  THE  GEOMETRIC  TAX? 

Thomas  R.  Malthus,  in  1798,  published  his  theory 
that  population  increases  in  geometrical  progression, 
while  subsistence  from  the  land  could,  at  best,  give 
food  to  this  increase  of  population  only  in  an  arithmet- 
ical ratio  in  its  progression.  That  is  to  say,  that  while 
population  doubles — say,  every  twenty-five  years — the 
land,  even  if  intensive  farming  is  prosecuted,  can  dou- 
ble up  its  production  but  once ;  the  second  time  popula- 
tion doubles,  with  possibilities  that  it  will  maintain  its 
geometrical  ratio  of  increase  in  population,  not  a  parti- 
cle of  hope  is  extended  that  subsistence  from  the  land 
will  increase  more  than  the  equal  of  the  first  or  orig- 
inal amount  of  food.  Geometrical  progression,  there- 
fore, means  that  its  increase  in  ratio  may  be  expressed 
as  1,  2,  4,  8,  16,  32,  64,  128,  256,  etc.  Arithmetical  pro- 


gression  may  be  expressed  in  ratio  as  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7, 
8,  9,  etc. 

We  now  find,  one  hundred  years  later,  that  it  is  an 
axiomatic  truth  that  everything  that  has  power  to  re- 
produce its  kind,  and  in  turn  has  power  to  again  re- 
produce, a  geometrical  reproduction  has  taken  place  in 
exactly  the  same  proportion  as  is  made  in  population. 
Therefore,  those  who  own  large  fortunes  and  who  do 
not  consume  in  living  the  interest  and  dividends  re- 
ceived, and  those  who  do  not  practice  a  wasteful  per- 
sonal expenditure,  then,  naturally,  interest  and  divi- 
dends are  again  reinvested  for  profit,  which,  in  its  turn, 
is  again  reinvested,  and  in  the  measurement  of  interest 
and  profit  equaling  the  original  principal  when  un- 
consumed  or  not  wasted  is  accumulated,  geometrical 
progression  in  finance  has  taken  place  exactly  in  the 
same  ratio  as  Malthus  showed  in  the  ratio  of  increase 
in  population.  Therefore,  if  a  geometrical  increase  in 
population  tends  to  restrict  food  to  the  people,  bring- 
ing in  with  it  disease,  pestilence,  plague,  famine,  des- 
titution, and  finally  war,  then,  it  follows,  that  a  geo- 
metrical increase  in  wealth  to  the  favored  few  would 
bring  in  the  same  corresponding  poison  to  destroy  pop- 
ulation as  is  brought  in  by  the  geometrical  growth  of 
population. 

Extreme  wealth  is  only  gained  by  the  power  given 
under  statute  law  to  capitalize  the  earnings  of  the  peo- 
ple. Its  owner  prospers  only  by  having  a  force  of  mo- 
nopoly to  collect  its  interest  and  profits ;  and,  say,  in 
time,  it  doubles  up  once,  possibly  twice,  without  public 
injury,  but  after  that  the  poison  of  its  geometrical  re- 
production reaches  the  vitals  of  the  people,  and  we 
have  unemployment,  lack  of  food,  restriction  of  oppor- 


tunity  to  individualism,  by  bringing  in  with  it  an  in- 
tense centralization  to  business  and  social  life;  and 
finally,  revolution  and  anarchy.  Therefore,  as  nature 
forces  a  restriction  upon  human  beings  from  reproduc- 
ing more  than  can  live  by  the  subsistence  gained  from 
land,  governments  must  give  a  fundamental  principle 
of  restriction  upon  the  geometrical  growth  of  fortunes, 
when  its  growth  depends  upon  restricting  the  opportu- 
nities of  its  people. 

Therefore,  as  geometrical  progression  has  been  the 
medium  in  mathematics  to  gain  concentration  of 
wealth  and  to  give  power  to  it  to  restrict  the  freedom 
of  opportunity  to  a  people  of  an  equal  franchise,  then 
it  follows  that  to  give  a  freedom  of  opportunity  to 
such  a  people,  a  restrictive  tax  must  be  laid  upon 
all  citizens  in  such  measurement  as  will  apply  to  all 
equally.  If  this  tax  brings  about  a  limitation  of 
personal  income  (which  the  Geometric  Tax  does 
at  $500,000)  at  a  point  which  is  deemed  destruc- 
tive of  opportunity  to  the  people,  then  to  keep  pure  the 
intention  of  Nature  to  give  unrestricted  ambition  to 
men,  so  as  to  bring  about  the  natural  right  that  the  fit- 
test alone  shall  survive,  those  who  have  the  legal  right 
to  collect  incomes  above  the  progressive  limitation,  if 
set  by  mathematical  calculation,  should  have  power 
to  decentralize  these  surplus  incomes  to  the  heirs  at 
law  or  for  the  public  benefit.  As  this  is  a  fundamental 
question,  then  if  we  are  to  give  governmental  equity 
to  all  the  people,  we  must  consent  that  this  geometric 
tax  principle  shall  be  fixed  in  the  fundamental  law  by 
adding  an  amendment  to  the  Federal  Constitution. 

JOHN  W.  BATDORF,  Author. 


QUESTIONS    AND    REMEDIES    INTRODUCED 
BY  THE  GEOMETRIC  TAX  PROBLEMS. 

Corporations:  How  Formed  and  Operated. 
Concentration    of    Wealth:    the  Causes  of    Its 
Birth  and  Meaning  to  Americans. 
The  Foundations:  the  Force  of  Its  Being  and 
Good  and  Bad  Sides  Relating  to  the  Constitu- 
tional Equities  and  Freedom  of  the  People. 
Equities  due  to  Corporate  Captial. 
Equities  due  to  Corporate  Labor. 
Equities  due  to  Private  Capital. 
Equities  due  to  Competitive  Labor. 
Equities  due  to  the  Consumers  as  a  Class. 
The  Federal  Constitution:  the  Supreme  Law  of 
the  Land. 

The  Four  American  Lawful  Ruling  Powers. 
Articles  of  the  Constitution  Bearing  upon  Eco- 
nomic Equality  and  Security. 
The  Abolition  of  Poverty:  How  to  Attain  It. 
Higher  Wages  and  Lower  Prices:  A  Consum- 
mation of  Necessity. 

Jobs  for  the  Jobless:  The  Cure  of  the  Unem- 
ployment Problem. 

Reducing  the  Cost  of  Food  One-Half:  It  Can  Be 
Done. 

Governmental  Socialism :  Can  State  Socialism  Win  ? 
Governmental  Anti-Socialism:  The  Power  of 
the  Profit  System  Given  to  the  Common  People 
That  They  May  Live. 

Equal  Opportunity :  How  Owned  by  the  Amer- 
ican Citizen. 

The  Malthusian  Doctrine  for  Birth  Control 
Made  Moral  and  Acceptable  in  Consonance  with 
the  Laws  of  Nature. 


TABULATION     OF     THE     GEOMETRICAL     CALCULATIONS     AS 
APPLIED,    MATHEMATICALLY,    TO    ESTABLISH    THE    GEO- 
METRIC   TAX.    THE    INDUSTRIAL    CO-HERENT    RIGHT 
WITH      CAPITAL,      AND      FOR     THE      EQUITABLE 
DISTRIBUTION   OF  INDIVIDUAL   INCOMES.* 


Tax  Rate 

Personal 

Taxation 

Per  Cent. 

Incomes. 

to  Pay. 

.01 

$100 

$0.01 

.02 

200 

.04 

.03 

300 

.09 

.04 

400 

.16 

.05' 

50O 

.25 

.06 

600 

.36 

.07 

700 

.49 

.08 

800 

.64 

.09 

900 

.81 

.1 

1,000 

1.00 

.2 

2,000 

4.00 

.3 

3,000 

9.00 

.4 

4,000 

16.00 

.5 

5,000 

25.00 

.6 

6.000 

36.00 

.7 

7,000 

49.00 

.8 

8,000 

64.00 

.9 

9,000 

81.00 

1. 

10,000 

100.00 

2. 

20,000 

400.00 

3. 

30,000 

900.00 

4. 

40,000 

1,600.00 

5. 

50,000 

2,500.00 

6. 

60,000 

3,600.00 

7. 

70,000 

4,900.00 

8. 

80,000 

6,400.00 

9. 

90,000 

8,100.00 

10. 

100,000 

10,000.00 

20. 

200,000 

40,000.00 

30. 

300,000 

90,000.00 

40. 

400,000 

160,000.00 

50. 

500,000 

250,000.00 

To  illustrate:  The  one  thousand  dollar  income  or  accumulated  wage 
geometrically  squared  (1,000  multiplied  by  1,000  equals  1,000,000)  equals 
one  million.  One-one-millionth  of  this  product  is  one;  for  two  thousand 
it  is  four;  for  three  thousand  it  is  nine;  for  five  thousand  it  is  twenty- 
five;  for  ten  thousand  it  is  one  hundred,  and,  in  the  same  exact  measure- 
ment, up  to  the  geometrical  limitation  of  five  hundred  thousand  this  con- 
stant divisor,  controlled  solely  by  environment,  may  be  mathematically 
used  to  declare  by  society  what  should  be  a  right  and  equitable  distribu- 
tion from  earnings  for  a  laborer's  pension  due  in  old  age,  or,  what  the 
exact  sum  should  be  for  a  Federal  tax  to  be  paid  by  each  person  upon 
incomes  gained  from  wages,  interest  and  profits. 

♦"The   Geometric  Tax,"  p.   13,  by  John  W.   Batdorf. 


IMPERIAL  INDUSTRIALISM  VS.  THE 
COMING  DEMOCRACY 

As  the  100-year  war,  600  years  ago,  freed  the  com- 
mon people  from  slavery  and  gave  them  serfdom ;  as 
the  30-year  w^ar,  ending  1648,  gave  to  the  common  peo- 
ple the  right  to  worship  God  as  each  pleased;  as  the 
7-year  v^ar,  ending  1763,  gave  to  the  common  people 
the  rights  and  privileges  of  a  common  education — 
how  to  read,  write  and  calculate;  as  the  American 
Revolution,  ending  1783,  gave  to  the  common  people 
the  right  to  live  and  enjoy  political  equality  in  the  first 
great  governmental  democracy  established;  as  the 
Civil  War  of  the  American  States,  ending  1865,  as- 
sured to  the  common  people  that  chattle  slavery  shall 
no  more  exist  in  any  civilized  nation ;  then  the  com- 
mon people,  of  this  age  and  generation,  may  have 
hope  that  the  present  world-war  may  give  to  them  the 
right  to  enjoy  a  Coming  Constitutional  Industrial  De- 
mocracy.  

IMPERIALISM 
An  Imperial  Industrialism  means: 

That  the  employer — the  corporation — now  enjoys 
the  full  power  of  the  Federal  and  State  Constitu- 
tions, and  the  statute  laws,  to  hire  whom  and 
when  it  pleases,  to  pay  what  salaries  and  wages  it 
pleases,  to  discharge  whom  and  whenever  it 
pleases.  This  power  gives  it  the  autocracy  of  a 
Czar  in  industry.  Shall  this  power  be  destroyed 
by  a  Coming  Democracy? 


SOCIALISM 
A  Social  Industrial  Democracy  Means: 

That  an  industrial  system  shall  be  formed  by  a 
political  evolution  occurring  in  industry,  whereby 
all  the  means  of  production,  distribution  and  ex- 


change  shall  be  controlled  by  an  elective  co-oper- 
ative Commonwealth.  The  intent  of  its  object  is 
to  destroy  the  concentration  of  v^^ealth,  the  cen- 
tralization of  capital  and  all  forms  of  business  mo- 
nopoly, but,  in  its  place,  enthrone  the  political 
power  of  the  working  class  by  means  of  an  elect- 
ive chamber  of  labor  representatives  controlling 
a  flexible  constitution. 

The  Proposition  of  Socialism. 


STATE  SOCIALISM 
Regulative  Industrial  Democracy  Means: 

That  industry  shall  be  controlled  by  the  legisla- 
tion of  statutory  laws,  enacted  from  time  to  time 
as  the  evolution  compels ;  whereby,  to  cure  the  in- 
dustrial misery  of  the  working  people,  transitory 
laws  shall  be  passed  for  its  relievement,  and  its 
cost  charged  either  to  taxation  or  to  the  industry, 
and  thus  to  the  community,  with  an  open  acknowl- 
edgment that  these  charges  mean  an  accepted 
higher  cost  of  living  to  a  nation's  people. 
Progressive  Party's  Proposition. 


AMERICANISM 
A  Constitutional  Industrialism  means: 

That  the  power  to  rule  industry  must  be  outlined 
by  amendments  to  the  FEDERAL  CONSTITU- 
TION, and  wealth,  capital,  labor  and  all  people 
would,  by  this,  be  compelled  to  bow  to  its  auto- 
cratic decree.  This  power  would  then  insure  a 
positive  protection  to  centralization,  whereby 
neither  wealth,  capital,  labor  nor  the  consuming 
public  could  be  unduly  robbed  by  a  so-called  ex- 
ploiting class  of  the  whole.     In  fact,  all  would 


then  live  in  peace  and  harmony  because  of  the 
autocratic  limitation  placed  upon  all  by  the  peo- 
ple's ruling  power — the  Federal  Constitution. 
The  Geometric  Tax  Amendments 
Are  Respectfully  Submitted, 

JOHN  W.  BATDORF, 
Author. 

THE  REMEDY  FOR  UNEMPLOYMENT* 

To  give  a  fundamental  power  to  cure  unemployment, 
the  "Geometric  Tax"  Amendment  Article  to  the  Fed- 
eral Constitution  is  recommended ;  whereby,  in  a  nat- 
ural manner  of  procedure  in  American  law,  the  base  is 
founded  upon  which  the  statutory  laws  can  have  pow- 
er to  define  how  the  distribution  of  future  earnings 
may  be  given  to  corporate  capital  and  to  labor. 

(1)  Corporate  capital,  because  of  this  power,  would 
enjoy  perfect  safety  for  itself,  with  an  assurance  that 
its  yearly  dividend  would  be  sufficient  to  guarantee  a 
quick  sale  to  its  owner  whenever  he  wished  to  turn 
the  investment  into  cash. 

(2)  Corporate  labor,  because  of  the  same  power, 
would  have  a  security  in  the  ownership  of  the  job  with 
capital,  so  that  the  laborer  could  not  be  displaced  ex- 
cept for  disloyalty.  One  sells  out  and  deserts  the  cor- 
poration business ;  the  other  is  unfortunate  and  care- 
lessly permits  a  destruction  of  corporate  property,  or, 
by  inattention  to  duty,  may  bring  injury  to  life  and 
limb  to  its  patrons  from  whom  it  derives  its  earning 
power  to  live. 

(3)     The  individual  merchant  or  manufacturer,  be- 
cause of  giving  personal  attention  to  back  the  use  of 


*  From  "Jobs  for  the  Jobless,"  by  John  W.   Batdorf. 


his  money  invested,  may  not  be  satisfied  with  the  lim- 
ited percentage  return  permitted  by  the  "Geometric 
Tax"  amendment  to  the  Constitution,  and  naturally 
desires  to  reinstate  himself  in  private  business,  v^here- 
in  the  fundamental  law  guarantees  to  individuals  the 
power  to  use  the  ''obligation  of  contracts"  to  make 
greater  profits.  This  proposition,  if  established,  would 
bring  in  a  new  form  of  competitive  business  and  give 
a  greater  opportunity  than  at  present  for  the  employ- 
ment of  competitive  or  roaming  labor. 

(4)  Government,  with  the  aid  of  the  agricultural 
banks,  must,  for  the  public  welfare,  find  a  way  to  as- 
sist the  over-population  of  towns  and  cities  to  find 
lodgment  among  the  under-population  now  living  upon 
a  part  of  the  tillable  lands  of  the  nation,  whereby,  to 
live,  they  may  be  of  use  to  themselves  and  provide 
food  to  those  fixed  in  employment  in  industrial  and 
business  conductions.  To  epitomize  our  thought  we  be- 
lieve ''that  the  United  States  should  follow  Germany 
in  instituting  here  a  system  similar  to  the  Prussian 
landschaft."  In  our  Appendix  to  this  book,  we  re- 
print from  the  New  York  Times,  of  date  July  11th, 
1915,  Mr.  David  Lubin's  splendid  elucidation  of  this 
proposition  to  make  farm  land  investment  attractive  to 
trust  estates,  men  and  women  with  excess  incomes 
wanting  a  perfectly  safe  security,  and  to  farmers  who 
would  rather  place  their  idle  money  upon  farm  lands 
than  to  invest  it  in  the  watered  securities  of  the  cor- 
porations.* 

These  four  propositions,  if  adopted,  would  tend  to 
automatically  adjust  the   disproportion   in  population 


*  The   above   referred   appendix   is  published   in  "Jobs   for 
the  Jobless,"  by  John  W.  Batdorf. 


now  existing  between  the  numbers  of  people  living  in 
towns  and  cities  and  those  who  live  upon  the  farms. 
One  portion  of  population  now  demands  more  food; 
the  other  portion  of  population  produces  too  little  to 
satisfy  an  increasing  demand. 

The  remedy  must  come,  if  at  all,  by  the  observance 
of  the  natural  law  governing  self-interest,  wherein  the 
semi-starved  population  of  the  cities  would  seek  the 
productivity  of  vacant  land  to  live.  For  the  public  wel- 
fare, the  Government  must  aid  the  agricultural  banks 
and  owners  of  vacant  tillable  lands  to  accommodate 
the  city  emigration  to  country  districts.  This  evening- 
up  process  would  not  only  transform  a  consuming  popu- 
lation into  a  producing  one,  but  would  tend  to  vastly 
increase  the  food  supply  to  those  who  had  remained  in 
cities  because  of  a  natural  releasement  of  the  rigors  of 
unemployment. 


OVERPOPULATION* 

A  crisis  has  come  in  the  affairs  of  nations.  The 
world  is  at  war.  Mankind  is  bewildered  and  industry 
is  at  a  standstill.  Yet  man  must  obtain  food  to  live, 
clothing  and  shelter  for  protection,  but,  alas,  oppor- 
tunity to  earning  power  is  diminishing,  which  means, 
of  course,  that  ultimately  buying  power  will  disappear, 
so  that  man  will  be  unable  to  secure  those  things 
which  are  necessary  for  human  existence.  Population, 
however,  is  increasing,  and  with  it  the  problem  of  un- 
employment rises  as  a  black  specter  to  plague  both  the 
rich  and  the  poor.    State  Socialism,  practiced  by  both 


*  From  "Children,  Not  a  Menace  to  Society,"  by  John  W. 
Batdorf. 


England  and  Germany,  has  brought  the  fact  home  to 
the  rich  that  no  longer  can  the  rich  and  powerful  pass 
the  cost  of  industrial  relievement  to  the  backs  of  the 
Common  People;  hence  the  cry  of  too  much  popula- 
tion and  the  organization  of  "Leagues  for  Birth  Con- 
trol." 

Doctors,  Sociologists,  Scientists,  Socialists  and 
Atheists  are  advocating  that  the  time  has  come  when 
mankind  must  place  a  restriction  upon  the  natural  law 
of  impulse.  Of  course,  if  the  arrival  of  new  population 
is  restricted,  so  that  it  equals  the  number  that  die,  as 
in  France,  the  care  by  the  rich  of  those  out  of  employ- 
ment will  cease.  To  give  a  shade  of  reasoning  why  we 
should  disobey  the  laws  of  nature,  the  above  class  of 
people  say  that  it  is  unwise  to  bring  babies  into  the 
world  to  inherit  poverty,  and  for  the  lack  of  food, 
shelter  and  clothing,  to  suffer  the  miseries  brought  on 
by  disease,  pestilence,  plague,  famine,  and  finally, 
anarchy  and  war. 

To  solve  the  seemingly  unsolvable  problem  to  sup- 
ply a  plentiful  store  of  food,  clothing  and  shelter,  we 
must  give  a  logical  argument  how  to  abolish  poverty; 
raise  wages  and  lower  prices;  give  jobs  to  the  jobless; 
cut  the  cost  of  food  one-half  as  compared  with  pres- 
ent prices;  offer  a  restriction  which  should  be  placed 
on  the  drug  and  alcohol  habits ;  place  an  equitable  re- 
striction on  the  concentration  of  wealth  without  com- 
mitting a  confiscatory  wrong  against  human  ambition ; 
and,  lastly,  place  a  fundamental  restriction  on  human 
selfishness  and  the  inordinate  greed  now  naturally  lo- 
cated in  financial  and  business  operations. 

We  commend  our  thesis  for  earnest  reading  and 
analysis.  JOHN  W.  BATDORF. 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

WE,  THE  PEOPLE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  IN  ORDER  TO 
FORM  A  MORE  PERFECT  UNION,  ESTABLISH  JUSTICE, 
INSURE  DOMESTIC  TRANQUILLITY,  PROVIDE  FOR  THE 
COMMON  DEFENCE,  PROMOTE  THE  GENERAL  WELFARE, 
AND  SECURE  THE  BLESSINGS  OF  LIBERTY  TO  OURSELVES 
AND  OUR  POSTERITY,  DO  ORDAIN  AND  ESTABLISH  THIS 
CONSTITUTION    FOR   THE    UNITED    STATES    OF   AMERICA, 

ARTICLE   I. 

Section  I.  All  legislative  powers  herein  granted  shall  be  vested  in 
a  Congress  of  the  United  States,  which  shall  consist  of  a  Senate 
and  House  of  Representatives. 

Section  II.  1.  The  House  of  Representatives  shall  be  composed  of 
members  chosen  every  second  year  by  the  people  of  the  several  States, 
land  the  electors  in  each  State  shall  have  the  qualifications  requisite 
for  electors   of  the  most   numerous  branch  of  the   State   Legislature. 

2.  No  person  shall  be  a  Representative  who  shall  not  have  attained 
to  the  age  of  twenty-five  years,  and  been  seven  years  a  citizen  of 
the  United  States,  and  who  shall,  when  elected,  be  an  inhabitant 
of  that   State  in  which  he  shall  be  chosen. 

3.  Representatives  and  direct  taxes  shall  be  apportioned  among  the 
several  States  which  may  be  included  within  this  Union  according  to 
their  respective  numbers,  which  shall  be  determined  by  adding  to  the 
whole  number  of  free  persons,  including  those  bound  to  service  for  a 
term  of  years,  and  excluding  Indians  not  taxed,  three-fifths  of  all  other 
persons.  The  actual  enumeration  shall  be  made  within  three  years 
after  the  first  meeting  of  the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  and  within 
every  subsequent  term  of  ten  years,  in  such  manner  as  they  shall  by 
law  direct.  The  number  of  Representatives  shall  not  exceed  one  for 
every  thirty  thousand,  but  each  State  shall  have  at  least  one  Repre- 
sentative ;  and  until  such  enumeration  shall  be  made,  the  State  of 
New  Hampshire  shall  be  entitled  to  choose  3 ;  Massachusetts,  8 ;  Rhode 
Island  and  Providence  Plantations,  1 ;  Connecticut,  5 ;  New  York,  6 ; 
New  Jersey,  4 ;  Pennsylvania}  8 ;  Delaware,  1 ;  Maryland,  6 ;  Virginia, 
10 ;  North  Carolina,  5   South   Carolina,   5,  and  Georgia  3*. 

4.  When  vacancies  happen  in  the  representation  from  any  state,  the 
Executive  Authority  thereof  shall  issue  writs  of  election  to  fill  such 
vacancies. 

5.  The  House  of  Representatives  shall  choose  their  Speaker  and  other 
officers,  and  shall  have  the  sole  power  of  impeachment. 

Section  III.  1.  The  Senate  of  the  United  States  shall  be  composed 
of  two  Senators  from  each  State,  chosen  by  the  Legislature  thereof, 
for  six  years ;    and  each   Senator   shall   have   one   vote. 

2.  Immediately  after  they  shall  be  assembled  in  consequence  of  the 
first  election,  they  shall  be  divided  as  equally  as  may  be  into  three 
classes.      The    seats    of    the    Senators    of    the    first    class    shall    be    vacated 


'^See   Article   XIV,   Amendments. 


at  the  expiration  of  the  second  year,  of  the  second  class  at  the  expiration 
of  the  fourth  year,  and  of  the  third  class  at  the  expiration  of  the  sixth 
year,  so  that  one-third  may  be  chosen  every  second  year;  and  if 
vacancies  happen  by  resignation,  or  otherwise,  during  the  recess  of 
the  Legislature  of  any  State,  the  Executive  thereof  may  make  tem- 
porary appointment  until  the  next  meeting  of  the  Legislature,  which  shall 
then    fill   such   vacancies. 

3.  No  person  shall  be  a  Senator  who  shall  not  have  attained  to  the 
age  of  thirty  years,  and  been  nine  years  a  citizen  of  the  United  States, 
and  who  shall  not,  when  elected,  be  an  inhabitant  of  that  State  for 
which   he   shall   be   chosen. 

4.  The  Vice-President  of  the  United  States  shall  be  President  of  the 
Senate,    but    shall   have  no  vote  unless  they  be   equally  divided. 

5.  The  Senate  shall  choose  their  other  officers,  and  also  a  President 
pro  tempore,  in  the  absence  of  the  Vice-President,  or  when  he  shall 
exercise   the   office    of    President   of   the   United   States. 

6.  The  Senate  shall  have  the  sole  power  to  try  all  impeachments. 
When  sitting  for  that  purpose,  they  shall  be  on  oath  or  affirmation. 
When  the  President  of  the  United  States  is  tried,  the  Chief  Justice 
shall  preside;  and  no  person  shall  be  convicted  without  the  concur- 
rence   of    two-thirds    of    the    members    present. 

7.  Judgement  in  case  of  impeachment  shall  not  extend  further  than 
to  removal  from  office,  and  disqualification  to  hold  and  enjoy  any  office 
of  honor,  trust,  or  profit  under  the  United  States;  but  the  party  con- 
victed shall  nevertheless  be  liable  and  subject  to  indictment,  trial, 
judgment   and  punishment,   according   to   law. 

Section  IV.  1.  The  times,  places,  and  manner  of  holding  elections 
for  Senators  and  Representatives  shall  be  prescribed  in  each  State 
by  the  Legislature  thereof;  but  the  Congress  may  at  any  time  by  law 
make  or  alter  such  regulations,  except  as  to  places  of  choosing  Senators. 

2.  The  Congress  shall  assemble  at  least  once  in  every  year,  and 
such  meeting  shall  be  on  the  first  Monday  in  December,  unless  they 
shall   by  law  appoint  a  different  day. 

Section  V.  1.  Each  House  shall  be  the  judge  of  the  elections,  returns, 
and  qualifications  of  its  own  members,  and  a  majority  of  each  shall 
constitute  a  quorum  to  do  business;  but  a  smaller  number  may  adjourn 
from  day  to  day,  and  may  be  authorized  to  compel  the  attendance  of 
absent  members  in  such  manner  and  under  such  penalties  as  each 
House    may    provide. 

2.  Each  House  may  determine  the  rules  of  its  proceedings,  punish 
its  members  for  disorderly  behavior,  and  with  the  concurrence  of  two- 
thirds    expel    a    member. 

_  3.  Each  House  shall  keep  a  journal  of  its  proceedings,  and  from 
time  to  time  publish  the  same,  excepting  such  parts  as  may  in  their 
judgment  require  secrecy;  and  the  yeas  and  nays  of  the  members  of 
either  House  on  any  question  shall,  at  the  desire  of  one-fifth  of  those 
present,    be   entered   on   the   journal. 

4.  Neither  House,  during  the  session  of  Congress,  shall,  without  the 
consent  of  the  other,  adjourn  for  more  than  three  days,  nor  to  any 
other  place  than  that  which  the  two  Houses  shall  be  sitting. 

Section  VI.  1.  The  Senators  and  Representatives  shall  receive  a 
compensation  for  their  services,  to  be  ascertained  by  law,  and  paid  out 
of  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States.  They  shall  in  all  cases,  except 
treason,  felony,  and  breach  of  the  peace,  be  privileded  from  arrest  during 
their  attendance  at  the  session  of  their  respective  Houses,  and  in  going 
to  and  returning  from  the  same;  and  for  any  speech  or  debate  in 
either   House   they   shall    not   be   questioned    in   any   other   place. 

2.  No  Senator  or  Representative  shall,  during  the  time  for  which 
he  was  elected,  be  appointed  to  any  civil  office  under  the  authority 
of  the  United    States   which   shall  have  been  created,   or  the  emoluments 


whereof  shall  have  been  increased  during  such  time ;  and  no  person 
holding  any  office  under  the  United  States  shall  be  a  member  of 
either   House  during  his  continuance   in   office. 

Section  VII.  1.  All  bills  for  raising  revenue  shall  originate  in  the 
House  of  Representatives,  but  the  Senate  may  propose  or  concur  with 
amendments,  as  on  other  bills. 

-*  2.  Every  bill  which  shall  have  passed  the  House  of  Representatives 
and  the  Senate  shall,  before  it  become  a  law,  be  presented  to  the 
President  of  the  United  States ;  if  he  approve,  he  shall  sign  it,  but 
if  not,  he  shall  return  it,  with  his  objections,  to  that  House  in  which 
it  shall  have  originated,  who  shall  enter  the  objections  at  large  on  their 
journal,  and  proceed  to  reconsider  it.  If  after  such  reconsideration 
two-thirds  of  that  House  shall  agree  to  pass  the  bill,  it  shall  be  sent, 
together  with  the  objections,  to  the  other  House,  by  which  it  shall 
likewise  be  reconsidered ;  and  if  approved  by  two-thirds  of  that  House 
it  shall  become  a  law.  But  in  all  such  cases  the  votes  of  both  Houses 
shall  be  determined  by  yeas  and  nays,  and  the  names  of  the  persons 
voting  for  and  against  the  bill  shall  be  entered  on  the  journal  of  each 
House  respectively.  If  any  bill  shall  not  be  returned  by  the  President 
within  ten  days  (Sundays  excepted)  after  it  shall  have  been  presented 
to  him,  the  same  shall  be  a  law  in  like  manner  as  if  he  had  signed 
it,  unless  the  Congress  by  their  adjournment  prevent  its  return ;  in 
which  case  it  shall  not  be  a  law, 

3.  E^very  order,  resolution,  or  vote  to  which  the  concurrence  of  the 
Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  may  be  necessary  (except  on  a 
question  of  adjournment)  shall  be  presented  to  the  President  of  the 
United  States;  and  before  the  same  shall  take  effect  shall  be  approved 
by  him,  or  being  disapproved  by  him,  shall  be  repassed  by  two-thirds  of 
the  Senate  and  the  House  of  Representatives,  according  to  the  rules 
and  limitations  prescribed  in  the  case  of  a  bill. 

Section  VIII.     1.  The  Congress  shall  have  power: 

To  lay  and  collect  taxes,  duties,  imposts,  and  excises,  to  pay  the  debts 
and  provide  for  the  common  defence  and  general  welfare  of  the  United 
States ;  but  all  duties,  imposts,  and  excises  shall  be  uniform  through- 
out the  United   States. 

2.  To   borrow    money   on    the   credit   of   the   United   States. 

3.  To  regulate  commerce  with  foreign  nations,  and  among  the 
several  States,  and  with   the   Indian  tribes. 

4.  To  establish  an  uniform  rule  of  naturalization  and  uniform  laws  on 
the   subject    of   bankruptcies   throughout   the   United    States. 

5.  To  coin  money,  regulate  the  value  theeeof,  and  of  foreign  coin, 
and  fix  the  standard   of  weights  and  measures. 

6.  To  provide  for  the  punishment  of  counterfeiting  the  securities 
and  current  coin  of  the  United  States. 

7.  To    establish    post-offices    and   post-roads. 

8.  To  promote  the  progress  of  science  and  useful  arts  by  securing 
for  limited  times  to  authors  and  inventors  the  exclusive  rights  to  their 
respective    writings    and    discoveries. 

9.  To  constitute  tribunals  inferior  to  the  Supreme  Court.  _ 

10.  To  define  and  punish  piracies  and  felonies  committed  on  the 
high  seas,  and  offences  against  the  law  of  nations, 

11.  To  declare  war,  grant  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal,  and  make 
rules  concerning  captt:res  on  land  and  water, 

12.  To  raise  and  support  armies,  but  no  appropriation  of  money  to 
that  use  shall   be  for  a  longer  term  than  two  years, 

13.  To   provide   and   maintain   a   navy. 

14.  To  make  rules  for  the  government  and  regulation  of  the  land  and 
naval  forces, 


15.  To  provide  for  calling  forth  the  militia  to  execute  the  laws  of 
fhe    Union,    suppress    insurrections,    and    repel    invasions. 

16.  To  provide  iav  organizing,  arming,  and  disciplining  the  militia, 
and  for  governing  such  part  of  them  as  may  be  employed  in  the  ser- 
vice of  the  United  States,  reserving  to  the  States  respectively  the 
appointment  of  the  officers,  and  the  authority  of  training  the  militia 
according    to    the    discipline    prescribed    by    Congress. 

17.  To  exercise  exclusive  legislation  in  all  cases  whatsoever  over  such 
district  (not  exceeding  ten  miles  square)  as  may,  by  cession  of  partic- 
ular States  and  the  acceptance  of  Congress,  become  the  seat  of  Govern- 
ment of  the  United  States,  and  to  exercise  like  authority  over  all  places 
purchased  by  the  consent  of  the  Legislature  of  the  State  in  which  the 
same  shall  be,  for  the  erection  of  forts,  magazines,  arsenals,  dry-docks, 
and    other   needful    buildings. 

18.  To  make  all  laws  which  shall  be  necessary  and  proper  for  carrying 
into  execution  the  foregoing  powers,  and  all  other  powers  vested  by 
this  Constitution  in  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  or  in  any 
department    or   officer   thereof. 

Section  IX.  1.  The  migration  or  importation  of  such  persons  as  any 
of  the  States  now  existing  shall  think  proper  to  admit  shall  not  be 
prohibited  by  the  Congress  prior  to  the  year  one  thousand  eight 
hundred  and  eight,  but  a  tax  or  duty  may  be  imposed  on  such  importa- 
tion,   not   exceeding   ten   dollars   for  each   person. 

2.  The  privilege  of  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus  shall  not  be  suspended, 
unless  when  in  cases  of  rebellion  or  invasion  the  public  safety  may 
require    it. 

3.  No   bill  of  attainder   or   ex  post   facto   law  shall   be  passed. 

4.  No  capitation  or  other  direct  tax  shall  be  laid,  unless  in  pro- 
portion   to  the  census    or  enumeration   hereinbefore   directed    to   be  taken. 

5.  No  tax  or  duty  shall    be    laid  on  articles   exported   from  any  State. 

6.  No  preference  shall  be  given  by  any  regulation  of  commerce  or 
revenue  to  the  ports  of  one  State  over  those  of  another,  nor  shall 
vessels  bound  to  or  from  one  State  be  obliged  to  enter,  clear,  or 
pay    duties    in    another. 

7.  No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  Treasury  but  in  consequence 
of  appropriations  made  by  law ;  and  a  regular  statement  and  account 
of  the  receipts  and  expenditures  of  all  public  money  shall  be  published 
from    time    to    time. 

8.  No  title  of  nobility  shall  be  granted  by  the  United  States.  And 
no  person  holding  any  office  of  profit  or  trust  under  them  shall,  without 
the  consent  of  the  Congress,  accept  of  any  present,  emolument,  office, 
or   title  of   any   kind   whatever   from   any    king,   prince,    or   foreign    state. 

Section  X.  1.  No  state  shall  enter  into  any  treaty,  alliance,  or  con- 
federation, grant  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal,  coin  money,  emit  bills 
of  credit,  make  anything  but  gold  and  silver  coin  a  tender  in  payment 
of  debts,  pass  any  bill  of  attainder,  ex  post  facto  law,  or  law  impairing; 
the   obligration   of   contracts,   or  grant    any   title    of  nobility. 

2.  No  State  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the  Congress,  lay  any 
impost  or  duties  on  imports  or  exports,  except  what  may  be  absolutely 
necessary  for  executing  its  inspection  laws,  and  the  net  produce  of 
all  duties  and  imposts,  laid  by  any  State  on  imports  or  exports,  shall  be 
for  the  use  of  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States ;  and  all  such  laws  shall  be 
subject   to    the   revision    and   control   of   the    Congress. 

3.  No  State  shall,  without  the  consent  of  Congress,  lay  any  duty 
of  tonnage,  keep  troops  or  ships  of  war  in  time  of  peace,  enter  into 
any  agreement  or  compact  with  another  State,  or  with  a  foreign  power, 
or  engage  in  war  unless  actually  invaded,  or  in  such  imminent  danger  as 
will   not   admit   of   delay. 


ARTICLE    II. 

Section  I.  1,  The  Executive  power  shall  be  vested  in  a  President 
of  the  United  States  of  America.  He  shall  hold  his  ofKce  during  the 
term  of  four  years,  and,  together  with  the  Vice-President,  chosen  for 
the   same    term,   be   elected   as   follows: 

2.  Each  State  shall  appoint,  in  such  manner  as  the  Legislature  thereof 
may  direct  a  number  of  electors,  equal  to  the  whole  number  of 
Senators  and  Representatives  to  which  the  State  may  be  entitled 
in  the  Congress;  but  no  Senator  or  Representative  or  person  holding 
an  office  of  trust  or  profit  under  the  United  States  shall  be  appointed 
an    elector. 

3.  [The  electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective  States  and  vote  by 
ballot  for  two  persons,  of  whom  one  at  least  shall  not  be  an  inhabitant 
of  the  same  State  with  themselves.  And  they  shall  make  a  list  of  all 
the  persons  voted  for,  and  of  the  number  of  votes  for  each,  which 
list  they  shall  sign  and  certify  and  transmit,  sealed,  to  the  seat  of  the 
Government  of  the  United  States,  directed  to  the  President  of  the 
Senate.  The  President  of  the  Senate  shall,  in  the  presence  of  the 
Senate  and  House  of  Representatives,  open  all  the  certificates,  and 
the  votes  shall  then  be  counted.  The  person  having  the  greatest 
number  of  votes  shall  be  the  President,  if  such  number  be  a  majority 
of  the  whole  number  of  electors  appointed,  and  if  there  be  more  than 
one  who  have  such  majority,  and  have  an  equal  number  of  votes,  then 
the  House  of  Representatives  shall  immediately  choose  by  ballot  one 
of  them  for  President ;  and  if  no  person  have  a  majority,  then  from 
the  five  highest  on  the  list  the  said  House  shall  in  like  manner  choose 
the  President.  But  in  choosing  the  President,  the  vote  shall  be  taken 
by  States,  the  representation  from  each  State  having  one  vote.  A 
quorum,  for  this  purpose,  shall  consist  of  a  member  or  members  from 
two-thirds  of  the  _  States,  and  majority  of  all  the  States  shall  be 
necessary  to  a  choice.  In  every  case,  after  the  choice  of  the  President, 
the  person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  of  the  electors  shall 
be  the  Vice-President.  But  if  there  should  remain  two  or  more  who 
have  equal  votes,  the  Senate  shall  choose  from  them  by  ballot  the 
Vice-President.]* 

4.  The  Congress  may  determine  the  time  of  choosing  the  electors 
and  the  day  on  which  they  shall  give  their  votes,  which  day  shall  be 
the   same   throughout   the   United   States. 

5.  No  person  except  a  natural  born  citizen,  or  a  citizen  of  the 
United  States  at  the  time  of  the  adoption  of  this  Constitution,  shall 
be  eligible  to  the  office  of  President ;  neither  shall  any  person  be 
eligible  to  that  office  who  shall  not  have  attained  to  the  age  of  thirty- 
five   years   and   been  fourteen    years   a   resident   within  the  United   States. 

6.  In  case  of  the  removal  of  the  President  from  office,  or  of  his 
death,  resignation,  or  inability  to  discharge  the  powers  and  duties 
of  the  said  office,  the  same  shall  devolve  on  the  Vice-President,  and 
the  Congress  may  by  law  provide  for  the  case  of  removal,  death, 
resignation,  or  inability,  both  of  the  President  and  Vice-President, 
declaring  what  officer  shall  then  act  as  President,  and  such  officer 
shall  act  accordingly  until  the  disability  be  removed  or  a  President 
shall   be   elected. 

7.  The  President  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive  for  his  services  a 
compensation  which  shall  neither  be  increased  nor  diminished  during 
the  period  for  which  he  shall  have  been  elected,  and  he  shall  not  receive 
within  that  period  any  other  emolument  front  the  United  States,  or 
any  of  them. 

*  This    clause    is    superseded    by    Article    XII.,    Amendments. 


8.  Before  he  enter  on  the  execution  of  his  office  he  shall  take  the 
following    oath    or   affirmation : 

"I  do  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm)  that  I  will  faithfully  execute  the 
office  of  President  of  the  United  States,  and  will,  to  the  best  of  my 
ability,  preserve,  protect,  and  defend  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States." 

Section  II.  1.  The  President  shall  be  Commander-in-Chief  of  the 
Army  and  Navy  of  the  United  States,  and  of  the  militia  of  the  several 
States  when  called  into  the  actual  service  of  the  United  States;  he 
may  require  the  opinion,  in  writing,  of  the  principal  officer  in  each  of 
the  executive  departments  upon  any  subject  relating  to  the  duties  of 
their  respective  offices,  and  he  shall  have  power  to  grant  reprieves 
and  pardons  for  offences  against  the  United  States  except  in  cases 
of  impeachment. 

2.  He  shall  have  power,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the 
Senate,  to  make  treaties,  provided  two-thirds  of  the  Senators  present 
concur ;  and  he  shall  nominate,  and  by  and  with  the  advice  and  con- 
sent of  the  Senate  shall  appoint  ambassadors,  other  public  ministers 
and  consuls,  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court,  and  all  other  officers  of 
the  United  States  whose  appointments  are  not  herein  otherwise  provided 
for,  and  which  shall  be  established  by  law ;  but  the  Congress  may  by 
law  vest  the  appointment  of  such  inferior  officers  as  they  think  proper 
in  the  President  alone,  in  the  courts  of  law,  or  in  the  heads  of 
departments. 

3.  The  President  shall  have  power  to  fill  up  all  vacancies  that  may 
happen  during  the  recess  of  the  Senate  by  granting  commission,  which 
shall   expire   at  the   end   of  their  next   session. 

Section  III.  He  shall  from  time  to  time  give  to  the  Congress 
information  of  the  state  of  the  Union,  and  recommend  to  their  con- 
sideration such  measures  as  he  shall  judge  necessary  and  expedient; 
he  may,  on  extraordinary  occasions,  convene  both  Houses,  or  either 
of  them,  and  in  case  of  disagreement  between  them  with  respect  to 
the  time  of  adjournment,  ne  may  adjourn  them  to  such  time  as  he 
shall  think  proper;  he  shall  receive  ambassadors  and  other  public 
ministers ;  he  shall  take  care  that  the  laws  be  faithfully  executed,  and 
shall   commission  all    the   officers    of   the   United   States. 

Section  IV.  The  President,  Vice-President,  and  all  civil  officers  of 
the  United  States  shall  be  removed  from  office  on  impeachment  for 
and  conviction  of  treason,  bribery,  or  other  high  crimes  and  mis- 
demeanors. 

ARTICLE   III. 

Section  I.  The  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall  be  vested 
in  one  Supreme  Court,  and  in  such  inferior  courts  as  the  Congress 
may  from  time  to  time  ordain  and  establish.  The  judges,  both  of  the 
Supreme  and  inferior  courts,  shall  hold  their  offices  during  good  behavior, 
and  shall  at  stated  times  receive  for  their  services  a  compensation 
which    shall    not    be    diminished    during    their    continuance    in    office. 

Section  II.  1.  The  judicial  power  shall  extend  to  all  cases  in  law 
and  equity  arising  under  this  Constitution,  the  laws  of  the  United 
States,  and  treaties  made,  or  which  shall  be  made,  under  their  authority; 
to  all  cases  affecting  ambassadors,  other  public  ministers,  and  consuls; 
to  all  cases  of  admiralty  and  maritime  jurisdiction;  to  controversies 
to  which  the  United  States  shall  be  a  party;  to  controversies  between 
two  or  more  States,  between  a  State  and  citizens  of  another  State, 
Detween  citizens  of  different  States,  between  citizens  of  the  same  State 
claiming  lands  under  grants  of  different  States,  and  bet^yeen  a  State, 
or  the  citizens  thereof,  and  foreign  States,  citizens,   or  subjects. 


2.  In  all  cases  affecting  ambassadors,  other  public  ministers,  and 
consuls,  and  those  in  which  a  State  shall  be  party,  the  Supreme  Court 
shall  have  original  jurisdiction.  In  all  the  other  cases  before-mentioned 
the  Supreme  Court  shall  have  appellate  jurisdiction  both  as  to  law  and 
fact,  with  such  exceptions  and  under  such  regulations  as  the  Congress 
shall  make. 

3.  The  trial  of  all  crimes,  except  in  cases  of  impeachme»t  shall  be 
by  jury,  and  such  trial  shall  be  held  in  the  State  where  the  said 
crimes  shall  have  been  committed ;  but  when  not  committed  within 
any  State  the  trial  shall  be  at  such  place  or  places  as  the  Congress  may  by 
law  have  directed. 

Section  III.  1,  Treason  against  the  United  States  shall  consist  only 
in  levying  war  against  them,  or  in  adhering  to  their  enemies,  giving 
them  aid  and  comfort.  No  person  shall  be  convicted  of  treason  unless 
on  the  testimony  of  two  witnesses  to  the  same  overt  act,  or  on  confes- 
sion in   open  court. 

2.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  declare  the  punishment  of 
treason,  but  no  attainer  of  treason  shall  work  corruption  of  blood  or 
forfeiture   except  during  the   life   of  the   person  attained. 


ARTICLE  IV. 

Section  I.  Full  faith  and  credit  shall  be  given  in  each  State  to  the 
public  acts,  records  and  judicial  proceedings  of  every  other  State. 
And  the  Congress  may  by  general  laws  prescribe  the  manner  in  which 
such  acts,  records  and  proceedings  shall  be  proved,  and  the  effect  thereof. 

Section  II.  1.  The  citizens  of  each  State  shall  be  entitled  to  all 
privileges  and  immunities  of  citizens  in  the  several  States. 

2.  A  person  charged  in  any  State  with  treason,  felony,  or  other  crime, 
who  shall  flee  from  justice,  and  be  found  in  another  State,  shall,  on 
demand  of  the  Executive  authority  of  the  State  from  which  he  fled, 
be  delivered  up,  to  be  removed  to  the  State  having  jurisdiction  of 
the  crime. 

3.  No  person  held  to  service  or  labor  in  one  State,  under  the  laws 
thereof,  escaping  into  another  shall,  in  consequence  of  any  law  or 
regulation  therein,  be  discharged  from  such  service  or  labor,  but  shall 
be  delivered  up  on  claim  of  the  party  to  whom  such  service  or  labor 
may  be  due. 

Section  III.  1.  New  States  may  be  admitted  by  the  Congress  into 
this  Union ;  but  no  new  State  shall  be  formed  or  erected  within  the 
jurisdiction  of  any  other  State,  nor  any  State  be  formed  by  the  junction 
of  two  or  more  States,  or  parts  of  States,  without  the  consent  of  the 
Legislatures  of  the  States  concerned,  as  well  as  of  the  Congress. 

2.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  dispose  of  and  make  all  needful 
rules  and  regulations  respecting  the  territory  or  other  property  belonging 
to  the  United  States ;  and  nothing  in  this  Constitution  shall  be  so_  con- 
strued as  to  prejudice  any  claims  of  the  United  States,  or  of  any  particular 
State. 

Section  IV.  The  United  States  shall  guarantee  to  every  State  in 
tlMs  Union  a  republican  form  of  government,  and  shall  protect  each 
o£  them  against  invasion,  and,  on  application  of  the  Legislature,  ^  or 
of  the  Executive  (when  the  Legislature  cannot  be  convened),  against 
domestic  violence. 


ARTICLE   V. 

The  Congress,  whenever  two-thirds  of  both  Houses  shall  deem  it 
necessary,  shall  propose  amendments  to  this  Constitution,  or,  on  the 
application  of  the  Legislatures  of  two-thirds  of  the  several  States, 
shall  call  a  convention  for  proposing  amendments,  which,  in  either 
case,  shall  be  valid  to  all  intents  and  purposes,  as  part  of  this  Consti- 
tution, when  ratified  by  the  Legislatures  of  three-fourths  of  the  several 
States,  or  by  conventions  in  three-fourths  thereof,  as  the  one  or  the 
other  mode  of  ratification  may  ue  proposed  by  the  Congress;  provided 
that  no  amendment  which  may  be  made  prior  to  the  year  one  thousand 
eight  hundred  and  eight  shall  in  any  manner  affect  the  first  and 
fourth  clauses  in  the  Ninth  Section  of  the  First  Article;  and  that  no 
State,  without  its  consent,  shall  be  deprived  of  its  equal  suffrage 
in  the   Senate. 

ARTICLE  VL 

1.  All  debts  contracted  and  engagements  entered  into  before  the 
adoption  of  this  Constitution  shall  be  as  valid  against  the  United  States 
under  .this   Constitution  as  under  the  Confederation. 

2.  This  Constitution  and  the  laws  of  the  United  States  which 
shall  be  made  in  pursuance  thereof  and  all  treaties  made,  or  which 
shall  be  made,  under  the  authority  of  the  United  States,  shall  be  the 
supreme  law  of  the  land,  and  the  judges  in  every  State  shall  be 
bound  thereby,  anything  in  the  Constitution  or  laws  of  any 
State   to   the  contrary    notw^lthstanding. 

3.'  The  Senators  and  Representatives  before  mentioned,  and  the  mem- 
bers of  the  several  State  Legislatures,  and  all  executive  and  judicial 
officers,  both  of  the  United  States  and  of  the  several  States,  shall  be 
bound  by  oath  or  affirmation  to  support  this  Constitution ;  but  no 
religious  test  shall  ever  be  required  as  a  qualification  to  any  office  or 
public  trust  under  the  United  States. 

ARTICLE  VII. 
The  ratification  of  the  Convention  of  nine  States  shall  be  sufficient  for 
the    establishment    of    this    Constitution    between    the    States    so    ratifying 
the    same. 


AMENDMENTS  TO   THE   CONSTITUTION. 

ARTICLE    I. 

Congress  shall  make  no  law  respecting  an  establishment  of  religion, 
or  prohibiting  the  free  exercise  thereof;  or  abridging  the  freedom  of 
speech  or  of  the  press;  or  the  right  of  the  people  peaceably  to  assemble, 
and    to   petition   the    Government    for    a    redress   of    grievances. 

ARTICLE    IL 
A    well-regulated     militia     being    necessary    to    the    security    of    a    free 
State,  the  right  of  the  people  to  keep  and  bear  arms  shall  not  be  infringed. 

AITICLE    III. 

No  soldier  shall,  in  time  of  peace,  be  quartered  in  any  house  without 
the  consent  of  the  owner,  nor  in  time  of  war  but  in  a  manner  to  be 
prescribed   by  law. 

ARTICLE   IV. 

The  right  of  the  people  to  be  secure  in  their  persons,  houses,  papers, 
and  effects,  against  unreasonable  searches  and  seizures,  shall  not  be 
violated,  and  no  warrants  shall  issue  but  upon  probable  cause, 
supported  by  oath  or  affirmation,  and  particularly  describing  the  place 
to   be  searched,   and   the  persons   or   things  to   be    siczed. 


ARTICLE  V. 
No  person  shall  be  held  to  answer  for  a  capital  or  other  infamous 
crime  unless  on  a  presentment  or  indictment  of  a  grand  jury,  except  in 
cases  arising  in  the  land  or  naval  forces,  or  in  the  militia,  when  in 
actual  service,  in  time  of  war  or  public  danger ;  nor  shall  any  person 
be  subject  for  the  same  ofTence  to  be  twice  put  in  jeopardy  of  life  or 
limb ;  nor  sliall  be  compelled  in  any  criminal  case  to  be  a  witness 
against  himself,  nor  be  deprived  of  life,  liberty,  or  property,  with- 
out due  process  of  Inw;  nor  shall  private  property  be  taken 
for  public    use  without  just   compensation. 

ARTICLE  VI. 

In  all  criminal  prosecutions,  the  accused  shall  enjoy  the  right  to  a 
speedy  and  public  trial,  by  an  impartial  jury  of  the  State  and  district 
wherein  the  crime  shall  have  been  committed,  which  district  shall  have 
been  previously  ascertained  by  law,  and  to  be  informed  of  the  nature 
and  cause  of  the  accusation ;  to  be  confronted  with  the  witnesses  against 
him;  to  have  compulsory  process  for  obtaining  witnesses  in  his  favor, 
and  to  have  the  assistance  of  counsel  for  his  defence. 

ARTICLE  VII. 

In  suits  of  common  law,  where  the  value  in  controversy  shall 
exceed  twenty  dollars,  the  right  of  trial  by  jury  shall  be  preserved, 
and  no  fact  tried  by  a  jury  shall  be  otherwise  re-examined  in  any  court 
of  the  United   States  than  according  to  the   rules   of  the  common  law. 

ARTICLE  Vin. 

Excessive  bail  shall  not  be  required,  nor  excessive  fines  imposed,  nor 
cruel  and  unusual  punishments  inflicted. 

ARTICLE  IX. 

The  enumeration  in  the  Constitution  of  certain  rights  shall  not  be 
construed  to  deny  or  disparage  others  retained   by   the  people. 

ARTICLE  X. 

The  powers  not  delegated/  to  the  United  States* by  the  Constitution, 
nor  prohibited  by  it  to  the  States,  are  reserved  to  the  States  respectively, 
or   to  the   people. 

ARTICLE  XI. 

The  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall  not  be  construed  to 
extend  to  any  suit  in  law  or  equity,  commenced  or  prosecuted  against 
one  of  the  United  States,  by  citizens  of  another  State,  or  by  citizens 
or   subjects  of  any  foreign   State. 

ARTICLE    XII. 

The  electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective  States,  and  vote  by  ballot 
for  President  and  Vice-President,  one  of  whom  at  least  shall  not  be  an 
inhabitant  of  the  same  State  with  themselves:  they  shall  name  in  their 
ballots  the  person  voted  for  as  President,  and  in  distinct  ballots  the 
person  voted  for  as  Vice-President ;  and  they  shall  make  distinct  lists 
of  all  persons  voted  for  as  President,  and  of  all  persons  voted  for  as 
Vice-President,  and  of  the  number  of  votes  for  each,  which  list  they 
shall  sign  and  certify,  and  transmit,  sealed,  to  the  seat  of  the  Govern- 
ment of  the  United  Statecs,  directed  to  the  President  of  the  Senate ;  the 
President  of  the  Senate  shall,  in  the  presence  of  the  Senate  and  House 
of  Represtiitatives  oi)eii  all  the  certificates,  and  the  votes  shall  then  be 
counted  ;  the  person  liaving  the  greatest  number  of  votes  for  President  shall 
be  the   President.if  such  number  be  a  majority,  of  the  whole  number  of  electors 


appointed  and  if  no  person  have  such  majority,  then  from  the  persons  having 
the  highest  numbers,  not  exceeding  three,  on  the  list  of  those  voted  for 
as  President,  the  House  of  Representatives  shall  choose  immediately, 
by  ballot,  the  President.  But  in  choosing  the  President,  the  votes  shall 
be  taken  by  States,  the  representation  from  each  State  having  one  vote; 
a  quorum  for  this  purpose  shall  consist  of  a  member  or  members  from 
two-thirds  of  the  States,  and  a  majority  of  all  the  States  shall  be 
necessary  to  a  choice.  And  if  the  House  of  Representatives  shall  not 
choose  a  President,  whenever  the  right  of  choice  shall  devolve  upon  them, 
before  the  fourth  day  of  March  next  following,  then  the  Vice-President 
shall  act  as  President,  as  in  the  case  of  death  or  other  constitutional 
disability  of  the  President.  The  person  having  the  greatest  number  of 
votes  as  Vice-President  shall  be  the  Vice-President,  if  such  number  be  a 
majority  of  the  whole  number  of  electors  appointed,  and  if  no  person 
have  a  majority,  then  from  the  two  highest  numbers  on  the  list  the 
Senate  shall  choose  the  Vice-President ;  a  quorum  for  the  purpose  shall 
consist  of  two-thirds  of  the  whole  number  of  Senators,  and  a  majority 
of  the  whole  number  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice.  But  no  person 
constitutionally  ineligible  to  the  office  of  President  shall  be  eligible  to 
that   of  Vice-President   of  the   United   States. 

ARTICLE  XIII. 

1.  Neither  slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude,  except  as  a  punishment 
for  crime  whereof  the  party  shall  have  been  duly  convicted,  shall  exist 
within   the   United    States,    or    any  place    subject   to    their   jurisdiction. 

2.  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this  article  by  appropriate 
legislation. 

ARTICLE  XIV. 

1.  All  persons  born  or  naturalized  in  the  United  States,  and  subject 
to  the  jurisdiction  thereof,  are  citizens  of  the  United  States  and  of  the 
State  wherein  they  reside.  ISo  State  shall  make  or  enforce  any  law 
which  shall  abridge  the  privileges  or  immunities  of  citizens  of 
the  United  States;  nor  shall  any  State  deprive  any  person  of 
life,  liberty,  or  property  without  due  process  of  law,  nor  deny 
to  any  persor  within  its  jurisdiction  the  equal  protection  of 
the    laws. 

2.  Representatives  shall  be  apportioned  among  the  several  States 
according  to  their  respective  numbers,  counting  the  whole  number  of 
persons  in  each  State,  excluding  Indians  not  taxed.  But  when  the 
right  to  vote  at  any  election  for  the  choice  of  electors  for  President 
and  Vice-President  of  the  United  States,  Representatives  in  Congress, 
the  executive  and  judicial  officers  of  a  State,  or  the  members  of  the 
Legislature  thereof,  is  denied  to  any  of  the  male  members  of  such 
State,  being  of  twenty-one  years  of  age,  and  citizens  of  the  United 
States,  or  in  any  way  abridged,  except  for  participation  in  rebellion  or 
other  crime,  the  basis  of  representation  therein*  shall  be  reduced  in  the 
proportion  which  the  number  of  such  male  citizens  shall  bear  to  the 
whole   number    of  male    citizens    twenty-one   years    of    age^  in    such    State. 

3.  No  person  shall  be  a  Senator  or  Representative  in  Congress,  or 
elector  of  President  or  Vice-President,  or  holding  any  office,  civil  or 
military,  under  the  United  States,  or  under  any  State,  who,  having 
previously  taken  an  oath,  as  a  member  of  Congress,  or  as  an  officer 
of  the  United  States,  or  as  a  member  of  any  State  Legislature,  or  as 
an  executive  or  judicial  officer  of  any  State,  to  support  the  Constitution 
of  the  United  States,  shall  have  engaged  in  insurrection  or  rebellion 
against  the  same,  or  give  aid  and  comfort  to  the  enemies  thereof. 
But  Congress  may,  by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  each  House,  remove  such 
disability. 

4.  The   validity    of   the   public    debt    of    the   United    States,    authorized 


by  law,  including  debts  incurred  for  payment  of  pensions  and  bountiea 
for  services  in  suppressing  insurrection  and  rebellion,  shall  not  be  ques- 
tioned. But  neither  the  United  States  nor  any  State  shall  assume  or 
pay  any  debt  or  obligation  incurred  in  aid  of  insurrection  or  rebellion 
against  the  United  States,  or  any  claim  for  the  loss  or  emancipation 
of  any  slave;  but  all  such  debts,  obligations,  and  claims  shall  be  held 
illegal   and   void. 

5.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  by  appropriate  legislation 
the    provisions    of   this    article. 

ARTICLE  XV. 

1.  The  right  of  the  citizens  of  the  United  States  to  vote  shall  not 
be  denied  or  abridged  by  the  United  States  or  by  any  State  on  account 
of   race,   color,    or  previous  condition   of    servitude. 

2.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  the  provisions  of  this 
article    by    appropriate    legislation. 


ARTICLE  XVL 

The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  lay  and  collect  taxes  on  incomes, 
from  whatever  source  derived,  without  apportionment  among  the  several 
States,  and  without  regard  to  any  census  or  enumeration. 

ARTICLE    XVn. 

1.  The  Senate  of  the  United  States  shall  be  composed  of  two  Senators 
from  each  State,  elected  by  the  people  thereof,  for  six  years;  and  each 
Senator  shall  have  one  vote.  The  electors  in  each  State  shall  have  the 
qualifications  requisite  for  electors  of  the  most  numerous  branch  of  the 
State   Legislatures. 

2.  When  vacancies  happen  in  the  representation  of  any  State  in  the 
Senate,  the  executive  authority  of  such  State  shall  issue  writs  of  election 
to  fill  such  vacancies :  Provided,  That  the  Legislature  of  any  State  may 
empower  the  executive  thereof  to  make  temporary  appointment  until  the 
people   fill   the  vacancies  by   election   as  the   Legislature  may    direct. 

3.  The  amendment  shall  not  be  so  construed  as  to  aflfect  the  election 
or  term  of  any  Senator  chosen  before  it  becomes  valid  as  part  of  the 
Constitution. 


RATIFICATION  OF  THE  CONSTITUTION. 

The    Constitution    was   ratified    by    the    thirteen    original    States    in    the 
following     order : 

Delaware,    December   7.    1787,    unanimously. 
Pennsylvania,    December    12,    1787,    vote    46    to    23. 
New   Jersey,   December   18,    1787,   unanimously. 
Georgia,    January   2,    1788,    unanimously. 
Connecticut,    January    9,    1788,    vote    128   to    40. 
Massachusetts,   February  6,   1788,  vote  187  to  168. 
Maryland,    April    28,    1788,    vote    63    to    12. 
South    Carolina,    May    23,    1788,    vote    149    to    73. 
New    Hampshire,    June    21,    1788.    vote    57    to    46. 
Virginia,    June    25,    1788,    vote    89    to    79. 
New   York,   July   26,' 1788,   vote  30   to   28. 
North    Carolina,    November    21,    1789,    vote    193    to   76. 
Rhode   Island,    May   29.    1790.   vote   34   to    32. 


RATIFICATION  OF  THE  AMENDMENTS. 

I.  to  X.  inclusive  were  declared   in   force   December  15,    1791. 

XI.      was   declared   in   force  January    8,    1798. 

XII.,  regulating  elections,  was  ratified  by  all  the  States  except  Connecti- 
cut, Delaware,  Massachusetts,  and  New  Hampshire,  which  rejected 
it.      It   was    declared    in    force    September   28,    1804. 

XIII.  The  emancipation  amendment  was  ratified  by  31  of  the  36  States; 
rejected  by  Delaware  and  Kentucky,  not  acted  on  by  Texas; 
conditionally  ratified  by  Alabama  and  Mississippi.  Proclaimed 
December   18,   1865. 

XIV.  Reconstruction  amendment  was  ratified  by  23  Northern  States; 
rejected  by  Delaware,  Kentucky,  Maryland,  and  10  Southern  States, 
and  not  acted  on  by  California.  The  10  Southern  States  subse- 
quently  ratified   under    pressure.      Proclaimed   July   28,    1868. 

XV.  Negro  citizenship  amendment  was  not  acted  on  by  Tennessee, 
rejected  by  California,  Delaware,  Kentucky,  Maryland,  New  Jersey, 
and 'Oregon;  ratified  by  the  remaining  30  States.  New  York 
rescinded  its  ratification  January  5,  1870.     Proclaimed  March  30,  1870. 

XVT.  Income  tax  amendment  was  ratified  by  all  the  States  except  Con- 
necticut, Florida,  Pennsylvania,  Rhode  Island,  Utah  and  Virginia. 
Declared  in  force   February   25,   1913. 

XVII.  Providing  for  the  direct  vote  of  United  States  Senators  cy  the 
people,  was  ratified  by  all  the  States  except  Alabama,  Delaware, 
Florida,  Georgia,  Kentucky,  Louisiana,  Maryland,  Mississippi,  Rhode 
Island,  South  Carolina,  Utah  and  Virginia.  Declared  in  force 
May  31,   1913. 


RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 

LOAN  DEPT. 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  or 

on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 

Renewed  books  are  subject  to  immediate  recall. 


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